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Uses and health effects of silicon and silicones
Silicon is a member of Group 14 (IVA) in the periodic table ands also part of the carbon family that includes elements: carbon, germanium, tin and lead. Silicon is a metalloid, one of only very few elements have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust, exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon never occurs as a free element. It is always combined with one or more other elements such as a compound. Many rocks and minerals containing silicon, its examples include sand, quartz, clay, stone, amethyst, opal, mica, feldspar, garnet, tourmaline, asbestos, talc, zircon, emerald and aquamarine.
In the early 1800s, silicon recognized as an element. But chemists had serious problems in the preparation of pure silicon, and that bonds tightly to oxygen. It took many years know how to separate chemical oxygen silicon. This task was carried out finally in 1823 by Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848). application most important of silicon in electronic equipment. Silicon is one of the best materials with which to make transistors and computer chips. The total weight of silicon used for this purpose is relatively low. Much larger amounts are used, for example, to make metal alloys.
In a sense, Human beings have always used silicon. Almost all naturally occurring rock or mineral contains silicon. So when the ancient people built mud huts and temples of sandstone, used silicon compounds. But nobody thought about silicon as an element to the nineteenth century. Then, a series of silicon chemical treaty separated from the other elements that combine on earth. English scientist Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) developed a technique for the separation of elements they bond well together. These compounds were melted and passed an electric current through them. The technique was successful for free or elemental production sodium, potassium, calcium and a number of other elements, for the first time. But he failed with silicon.
Berzelius also tried to isolate silicon using a method similar to that of Davy. Mixed molten (melted) potassium metal with a compound known as potassium fluoride, silicon (K2SiF6). The result was a new element namely, silicon. Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson (1773-1852) suggested the name of silicon, based on the Latin word for "flint" flint (Or silids). He added that the termination-on, because the new element was as much as boron and carbon. Thus, the name of the new element was accepted as silicon.
Some interesting studies were performed in the silicon in the coming years. The German chemist Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) produced a series of compounds known as silanes. These compounds containing silicon, hydrogen, and sometimes other items. The simplest is tetrahydride silane silicon (SiH4. This compound is also called silane. A group of compounds known as siloxanes occurred almost simultaneously. Siloxanes are composed of silicon, oxygen and an organic group.
Silanes and siloxanes were not discovered in the search for the answer to a practical question. The chemicals were curious about the types of compounds could do with silicon. But many years later, the chemists made some interesting discoveries. Both groups of compounds have some very practical uses important. For example, silicone compounds are known to form siloxanes.
Silicon, a metalloid, an element with properties of both metals and nonmetals, exists in two allotropic forms. One is allotrope in the form of shiny, grayish-black, needle-shaped crystals, or flat plates. The second allotrope has no structure crystalline and usually presents as a brown powder. With melting point of 1410 ° C (2,570 ° F), boiling point of 2,355 ° F (4270 ° F), and density of 2.33 grams per cubic centimeter, silicon has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale is a way of expressing the hardness of a material. It extends from 0 (for talc) 10 (diamonds). Silicon is a semiconductor. A semiconductor is a substance that conducts electricity better than non-conductive glass or rubber-like, but not as well as a copper wire or aluminum-like. Semiconductors have important applications in the electronics industry.
Silicon is a relatively inactive at room environment. Not combined with oxygen or most other elements. Water, steam, and most acids have little effect on the item. At temperatures higher, however, silicon becomes much more reactive. In the cast (molten) state, for example, combines with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and other elements. Also forms a series of alloys very easily in the molten state.
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance is estimated at about 27.6 percent of the crust. It ranks second only to oxygen. Some authorities believe that over 97 percent of the cortex is made of rocks that contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. Silicon has been detected in the sun and stars. It also occurs in certain types of meteorites known as meteors or meteorites stony. "Meteorites are chunks of rock as they fall to the surface of the Earth from outside the Earth's atmosphere.
Silicon never occurs as a free element in nature. Always presented as a compound of oxygen, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, or other elements. The most common minerals are those that contain silicon dioxide in one form or another. These are known as silicates. Silicon has been detected in the sun and stars. It also occurs in certain types of meteorites. There are three natural isotopes of silicon, silicon-28, silicon-29 and silicon-30. None of the radioactive isotopes of silicon has no commercial use.
Silicon is prepared by heating silicon dioxide with carbon. Carbon replaces silicon in the compounds. The silicon formed is from 96 to 98 percent pure. Many applications require silicon very pure product. Methods have been developed to produce silicon that is at least 99.97 percent pure silicon. This form of silicon is called hyper-pure silicon. Perhaps more use known for silicon in electronic devices. Hyper pure silicon is used in transistors and other components of electronic devices. It is also used to photovoltaic (solar) cells, rectifiers, circuits and computer parts. While a solar cell is a device that converts sunlight into energy power, a rectifier is an electrical device to change a type of electrical power (alternating current or AC), another type of electric current (current continuous, or CC). Almost without exception, all glass contains silicon dioxide.
The main use of silicon, however, is in making alloys. The most important silicon alloys are made of iron and steel, aluminum and copper. When silicon is produced, in fact, junk and metal sometimes added to the furnace. As soon as silicon is produced, it reacts with iron and steel to form ferrosilicon, an alloy of iron or steel and silicon. It is used for two main purposes. First, it can be added to steel to improve strength and toughness of steel. Secondly, it can be added during the steel manufacturing process to eliminate impurities from the steel being done.
The aluminum industry uses large quantities of silicon alloys. These alloys are used to make molds and in the process of welding. Welding is a process by which two metals are joined together. Silicon alloys, aluminum and magnesium are highly resistant to corrosion (oxidation). They are often used in the construction of large buildings, bridges and transport vehicles, such as ships and trains. A series of silicon compounds are specialized applications. Dioxide silicon (sand) is used in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, abrasives, as a food additive in water filtration systems, as an insulating material in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (drugs), and in the manufacture of paper, rubber and insecticides. Each of these applications could be the subject of lengthy debate itself. For example, humans have made glass for thousands of years. Today, dozens of different types of glass are produced, each with special properties and uses. But almost without exception, they all contain silicon dioxide.
Another important compound is silicon carbide (SiC), which is also known as carborundum, a of the hardest substances known, with a hardness of 9.5 on the Mohs scale. Carborundum is widely used as an abrasive, a powder material used for grinding or polishing other materials. Carborundum also has refractory properties. A refractory material can withstand very high temperatures by reflecting heat. Refractory materials are used to line the inside of the ovens used to maintain very high temperatures.
Another important group is silicon, silicon. Silicones have a surprising variety of uses. These include toys (balls of dough and Super), lubricants, waterproofing materials, adhesives (glues), foaming, brake fluids, cosmetics, polishing agents, electrical insulation, and materials to reduce vibration, coats of sensitive equipment, surgical implants and parts for automobile engines. The information on the health effects of silicon is limited. Some studies show that silicon may be necessary in very small quantities by plants and animals. One study showed, for example, that the chickens that did not receive silicon in your diet developed minor health problems. In general, silicon may not have positive effects or negative effects on human health. However, silicosis, a serious health problem associated with so-called silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon dioxide comes in many forms land. ordinary sand is nearly pure silicon dioxide.
In some industries, the sand is ground into a fine powder which is introduced into the air. As workers inhale dust, which travels through their mouths, down their throats, and lungs. The powder of silicon dioxide can block small airways of the lungs through which the oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass, when this happens, the results of silicosis. Silicosis is similar to pneumonia. The person has difficulty breathing. The more one is exposed to silicon dioxide powder, the worse the problem. In the worst cases of silicosis results in death due to the inability to breathe properly.
About the Author
Dr. Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. He loves to strive hard for the cause of society, particularly, the building blocks of the soiety, the students.
Making Fire with Flint and Magnesium
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